"I'm closer to the Golden Dawn, immersed in Crowley's uniform of imagery. I'm living in a silent film, portraying Himmler's sacred realm of dream reality" - Quicksand, David Bowie
Trying to get your head around the Golden Dawn, you may well find yourself sinking in the quicksand of your thoughts. It's bloody confusing stuff. The first couple of paragraphs alone on the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn Wikipedia page have hyperlinks to metaphysics, theurgy, Wicca, Thelema, masonic lodges, and the SRIA (Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia). I think I'd need a month long crash course on the Golden Dawn itself to even understand it at the level of a keen hobbyist.
But, of course, that's part of the point of these 'secret' societies. They're clubs. You have to learn the rules, the traditions, the behaviours and then you fit in. If they let you. The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn was, for its time, quite forward thinking in terms of gender. Men and women were treated, apparently, completely as equals. Which means that last night's London Fortean Society talk, Women of the Golden Dawn (delivered by Geraldine Beskin, co-owner of the Atlantis Bookshop), was, in some ways, regressive as it singled out one gender for appreciation above another.
The Golden Dawn themselves wouldn't do that. But, to be fair, history has made more of a big deal about the men of the Golden Dawn than it has of the women so some sort of redress was not only fair, it was overdue. Men of the Golden Dawn included Aleister Crowley, Arthur Machen, Arnold Bennett (the Hanley born author of Anna of the Five Towns), W.B.Yeats (plenty more of him later), and Fu Manchu creator Sax Rohmer.
All pretty well known. The women included Moina Mathers, Annie Horniman, and Florence Farr who you would have to admit are not quite household names. Railway Children author Edith Nesbit was reputed to be a member but in her case it seems the secret society really did manage to be secretive so nobody, it seems, knows for certain.
Geraldine Baskin was at The Bell in Whitechapel to talk a little about some of the most prominent, and most important, female members of the Golden Dawn and what the talk lacked in narrative thrust it at least made up for by being interesting and containing lots of information that was new to me and, presumably, many others in attendance.
Beskin started with a brief, and probably unnecessary, introduction in which she outlined how far ahead of their time the women of the Golden Dawn were and how they changed the world. In the early nineteenth century, women were seen as obedient and servile, almost as property, but by the end of that century some of them, the women in focus here, were considered desperate and evil. How by 1900, 75% of women were employed and many were even, whisper it, unmarried.
It was still a time when men could get their disobedient and unobliging wives locked up for insanity under the flimsiest and most misogynistic of pretexts. Madame Blavatsky (my friend Jack, predictably, corrected it wouldn't be long before she showed up) had fought with Garibaldi's troops in 1867's Battle of Mentana and in 1875 had founded the Theosophical Society in New York City with Henry Steel Olcott.
Some of whom, inspired by an ultimatum from a group of freemasons from Preston, went on to form the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. Which soon became, in Beskin's words, "the hottest ticket in town". Joining the Golden Dawn was seen as joining a cult. Something that is deemed weird and dangerous now but even more so back then. But Beskin claims the Golden Dawn was not weird and dangerous, that it was brave and empowering.
Especially for the female members. Many of whom were suffragettes or suffragists. Many of whom worked for the embroidery designer, and daughter of William Morris, May Morris. A highly skilled job that brought in good money. £1 a day!
In the Golden Dawn, one could learn how to experience wonders, invoke (and evoke) Gods, and communicate with denizens of other worlds. That was the claim but you needed to become deeply involved before any of these skills or abilities were revealed to you. Which does, you'll have to concede, sound ever so much like a cult.
Geraldine Beskin was less cynical than I on this matter and instead of taking a deep dive into just how much of a cult the Golden Dawn was, she instead listed a few prominent female members and told their potted histories. Which, to be fair, was how the talk was advertised.
Moina Mathers was born in Geneva in 1865 to an Orthodox Jewish family. She was a fluent French speaker and sister of the esteemed and influential philosopher Henri Bergson. Bergson, himself, was the President of the Society for Psychical Research and he lived in splendour while his sister, evidently, did not. Henri and one of Moina's other brothers even got a mention in James Joyce's Ulysses.
Moina, a talented artist, attended the Slade School of Art in London and took to dressing like an Egyptian princess. Some, including Geraldine Beskin, claim she invented collage (before the likes of Max Ernst, Kurt Schwitters, Braque, and Picasso) and she married Samuel Liddell who had styled himself, and renamed himself, as MacGregor Mathers and was also partial to getting done up in Egyptian garb.
With William Robert Woodman and William Wynn Westcott, MacGregor Mathers set up the Golden Dawn and its first temple, the Isis-Urania Temple. Moina was the temple's first initiate and so devoted were Moina and MacGregor to the Golden Dawn they chose to have a sexless marriage. Magic(k) and the higher realms were their priority. Plus, in those days sex led to children and children were (and are) bloody expensive.
When MacGregor died in 1918, Moina continued with her art but had little success. Aleister Crowley, as cutting as ever, claimed he'd seen her prostituting herself on a bridge in Paris (this could be taken literally or may simply mean she was posing for caricaturists, in Crowley's mind - it seems - there is little difference), and accounts claim she lost interest in life itself and died, aged 63, in London. Geraldine Beskin still calls her "the greatest clairvoyant of the century".
Annie Horniman's grandfather had a corner shop near Reading and he pioneered new ways of packing, and transporting, tea. This made him so rich that he died with what these days would be equivalent to £25,000,000 in the bank. His son, Frederick John Horniman, opened Forest Hill's Horniman Museum (a very short walk from my flat, I've even seen friends married there) and later Annie would enjoy a senior role at the museum where she would employ one MacGregor Mathers.
She was also close to, and fond of, William Butler Yeats and the two of them corresponded for an entire decade but when her father's first wife, Rebekah, died and he married the much younger Minnie, Annie and Frederick fell out. Which resulted in her struggling financially. Her nepo baby days had come to an end.
She found a remarkable way out of it. She set up Manchester's Gaiety Theatre and in doing so invented the concept of repertory theatres. The theatre didn't survive World War I but she inspired Lilian Baylis who would go on to manage the Old Vic, Sadler's Wells, the English National Opera, and the Royal Shakespeare Company. Baylis saw that if Horniman, a woman, could run a theatre then so could she.
Annie Horniman, herself, died near Guildford, aged 76, in 1937. Unlike her grandfather, she did not leave millions of pounds behind.You are probably getting the feeling, by now, that these women were rarely remunerated or celebrated for their achievements. That's why talks like this are important. If way too late.
Actress, director, composer (as well as lyre and dulcimer player) Florence Farr was named after one of her father's friends, the founder of modern nursing Florence Nightingale. George Bernard Shaw was one of her many lovers (I got a feeling Beskin delighted in celebrating Farr's promiscuity - and why not?) and Yeats was another who was captivated by her.
She performed on stage in Ibsen's proto-feminist productions and published books on Egyptian magic and Egyptology as well as becoming a highly proficient astrologer (even if that's not a real thing) and a principal in a Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) girl's school. Shaw felt she was 'hiding' in Ceylon because she'd failed as an actress and her looks were fading but that probably says more about him than her.
Florence Farr died in Colombo aged 56. Georgie Hyde-Lees was born in 1892 in Fleet, Hampshire and is mostly remembered as the wife of Yeats. Yeats believed there was an "astrological imperative" for him to marry before the age of fifty or he would be doomed to remain forever unwed. Despite, or perhaps because, of the age gap - Yeats was twenty seven years her senior - Yeats believed Georgie to be both "serviceable" (!) and wealthy enough to put him "above anxiety".
The old romantic. They married and in 1914 Yeats inducted her into the Golden Dawn where she rose far faster than he did and she is credited with breaking his (eight your) drought as a poet. He wrote A Vision in 1925 while the couple were experimenting with automatic writing. Geraldine Beskin believes it to be Yeats' finest ever work.
Sadly, Georgie's story seems to have been almost entirely subsumed into Yeats's story and, equally disappointingly, the artist and occultist (not to forget travel writer) Ithell Colquhoun was rejected twice, over cups of tea, by the Golden Dawn so could only be touched on in Beskin's talk. It's a pity because Colquhoun has gone on to become the most well remembered of all these women and a show of her surrealist paintings will be coming to Tate Britain this summer.
It had been an interesting look at these forgotten, or at least marginalised, figures from history and though I would have liked a more structured story, Beskin did well in eking out something about the essence of these women that made them so extraordinary. I won't be joining the Golden Dawn (pretty sure it no longer exists) but I will try and learn more about it. Thanks to Dewi, Paula, Steve, Tim, Michael, and Veronica for joining me at the talk, thanks to David Barrett, the London Fortean Society, and The Bell for hosting, thanks to Pizza Union on City Road for fuelling me earlier, and thanks to Geraldine Beskin and the Women of the Golden Dawn for an illuminating evening. Even now, I'm still sinking in the quicksand of my thoughts.